Three first records of stick insects attacking plants (Inseect: Phasmida) in Tibet / Três primeiros registros de insetos-pau atacando plantas (Inseect: Phasmida) no Tibet

Abstract Except for a few stick insects that are economically valuable, most species be considered to be forest pests, so it is extremely important to obtain plant host-use information of more stick insects. In this paper, the plant hosts of three species of stick insects were recorded for the first time. We also discovered these stick insects can feed upon the flowers or leaves of plants. Lopaphus unidentatus (Chen & He, 1995) (Phasmida: Lonchodidae) attacked Hypericum choisianum Wall. ex N. Robson, 1973 (Hypericaceae), Leurophasma dolichocercum Bi, 1995 (Phasmida: Aschiphasmatidae) attacked Antenoron filiforme (Thunb.) Roberty & Vautier, 1964 (Polygonaceae) and Megalophasma granulatum Bi, 1995 (Phasmida: Lonchodidae) attacked Debregeasia orientalis C. J. Chen, 1991 (Urticaceae). Finally, we were lucky enough to also obtain photographs of them mating and feeding.

Resumo Exceto por alguns insetos-pau que são economicamente valiosos, a maioria das espécies pode ser considerada praga florestal, por isso é extremamente importante obter informações sobre o uso de hospedeiros de plantas de mais insetos-pau. Neste artigo, as plantas hospedeiras de três espécies de bicho-pau foram registradas pela primeira vez. Também descobrimos que esses bichos-pau podem se alimentar de flores ou folhas de plantas. Lopaphus unidentatus (Chen & He, 1995) (Phasmida: Lonchodidae) atacou a parede de Hypericum choisianum. ex N. Robson, 1973 (Hypericaceae), Leurophasma dolichocercum Bi, 1995 (Phasmida: Aschiphasmatidae) atacou Antenoron filiforme (Thunb.) Roberty & Vautier, 1964 (Polygonaceae) e Megalophasma granulatum Bi, 1995 (Phasmida: Lonchodidae orientaled) atacou Chen, 1991 (Urticaceae). Finalmente, tivemos a sorte de também obter fotos deles se acasalando e se alimentando.

Pathological Types,Expression of Mismatch Repair Protein,Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2,and Pan-TRK,and Eostein-Barr Virus Infection in Patients With Colorectal Cancer Resected in Tibet / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To study the pathological types,expression of mismatch repair protein,human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2),and Pan-TRK,and Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)infection in patients with colorectal cancer resected in Tibet. Methods A total of 79 patients with colorectal cancer resected in Tibet Autonomous Region People's Hospital from December 2013 to July 2021 were enrolled in this study.The clinical and pathological data of the patients were collected.The expression of mismatch repair protein,HER2,and Pan-TRK was detected by immunohistochemical(IHC)staining,and detection of HER2 gene by fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH)in the patients with HER2 IHC results of 2+ or above.EBV was detected by in situ hybridization with EBV-encoded small RNA. Results A total of 79 colorectal cancer patients were included in this study,with the male-to-female ratio of 1.26:1 and the mean age of(57.06±12.74)years(24-83 years).Among them,4 patients received preoperative neoadjuvant therapy.Colonic cancer and rectal cancer occurred in 57(57/79,72.15%,including 31 and 26 in the right colon and left colon,respectively)and 22(22/79,27.85%)patients,respectively.The maximum diameter of tumor varied within the range of 1-20 cm,with the mean of(6.61±3.33)cm.Among the 79 colorectal cancer patients,75(75/79,94.94%)patients showed adenocarcinoma.Lymph node metastasis occurred in 12(12/21,57.14%)out of the 21 patients with severe tumor budding,13(13/23,56.52%)out of the 23 patients with moderate tumor budding,and 2(2/31,6.45%)out of the 31 patients with mild tumor budding,respectively.The lymph node metastasis rate showed differences between the patients with severe/moderate tumor budding and the patients with mild tumor budding(all P<0.001).The IHC staining showed that mismatch repair protein was negative in 10(10/65,15.38%)patients,including 5 patients with both MSH2 and MSH6 negative,4 patients with both MLH1 and PMS2 negative,and 1 patient with MSH6 negative.Pan-TRK was negative in 65 patients.The IHC results of HER2 showed 0 or 1+ in 60 patients and 2+ in 5 patients.FISH showed no positive signal in the 5 patients with HER2 IHC results of 2+.The detection with EBV-encoded small RNA showed positive result in 1(1/65,1.54%)patient. Conclusions Non-specific adenocarcinoma of the right colon is the most common in the patients with colorectal cancer resected in Tibet,and 15% of the patients showed mismatch repair protein defects.EBV-associated colorectal carcer is rare,Pan-TRK expression and HER2 gene amplification are seldom.The colorectal cancer patients with moderate and severe tumor budding are more likely to have lymph node metastasis.

Single base editing system mediates site-directed mutagenesis of genes GDF9 and FecB in Ouler Tibetan sheep / 生物工程学报

In this study, a single base editing system was used to edit the FecB and GDF9 gene to achieve a targeted site mutation from A to G and from C to T in Ouler Tibetan sheep fibroblasts, and to test its editing efficiency. Firstly, we designed and synthesized sgRNA sequences targeting FecB and GDF9 genes of Ouler Tibetan sheep, followed by connection to epi-ABEmax and epi-BE4max plasmids to construct vectors and electrotransfer into Ouler Tibetan sheep fibroblasts. Finally, Sanger sequencing was performed to identify the target point mutation of FecB and GDF9 genes positive cells. T-A cloning was used to estimate the editing efficiency of the single base editing system. We obtained gRNA targeting FecB and GDF9 genes and constructed the vector aiming at mutating single base of FecB and GDF9 genes in Ouler Tibetan sheep. The editing efficiency for the target site of FecB gene was 39.13%, whereas the editing efficiency for the target sites (G260, G721 and G1184) of GDF9 gene were 10.52%, 26.67% and 8.00%, respectively. Achieving single base mutation in FecB and GDF9 genes may facilitate improving the reproduction traits of Ouler Tibetan sheep with multifetal lambs.

Exploring the effects of entecavir treatment on the degree of liver fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver combined with chronic hepatitis B in Tibet region / 中华肝脏病杂志

Objective: To explore the efficacy of entecavir antiviral therapy on the degree of liver fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) combined with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in Tibet region. Methods: HBeAg-positive CHB patients who were treated with entecavir in the outpatient and inpatient Department of Infectious Diseases of the Tibet Autonomous Region people's Hospital between January 2018 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Among the 140 subjects with CHB, 95 cases were CHB alone, and the other 45 cases were diagnosed as CHB combined with NAFLD by ultrasound. All patients were given entecavir 0.5 mg orally once daily on an empty stomach for 48 weeks. HBeAg negative conversion rate, blood glucose, blood lipid, liver function and the degree of liver fibrosis were compared between the two groups at the 12th, 24th and 48th weeks of treatment to evaluate the virological response. SPSS 19.0 statistical software was used to process the data. Measurement data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (x¯±s). Descriptive statistical analysis was used for t-test, and the categorical variables were expressed as percentage (%) and χ2 test. A p-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: After 48 weeks of treatment, the HBeAg and HBV DNA negative conversion rate were significantly better in patients with CHB alone (group B) than CHB combined with NAFLD (group A), that is to say, HBeAg negative conversion rate in group A and B patients were 28.90% and 40%, respectively, and group B was better than group A. HBV DNA negative conversion rate was significantly elevated in group B (83.2%) than group A (64.4%), with statistical significance (P<0.05), and the difference between the both groups was statistically significant. Alanine aminotransferase level was significantly decreased in patients with CHB alone than patients with CHB combined with NAFLD. Aspartate aminotransferase/platelet ratio index was significantly decreased after treatment than before treatment in both group of patients, and the depletion was more pronounced in CHB alone group. Liver stiffness values were significantly decreased in patients with CHB combined with NAFLD than CHB alone group. Moreover, liver stiffness values was higher in group A than group B before treatment under the influence of fat attenuation factors, and the differences before treatment and after treatment were 3.50±4.66 and 2.05±2.53, respectively; however, group B was not affected by fat attenuation factors, so LSM value reduction in group A was more obvious, and the differences were statistically significant. There was no statistically significant difference in blood glucose and blood lipids levels before and after treatment between the two groups. Conclusion: NAFLD has a certain effect on antiviral therapy and liver fibrosis in patients with CHB, i.e., the effect of antiviral therapy in patients with CHB alone is better than patients with CHB combined with NAFLD. Patients with CHB combined with NAFLD when treated with antiviral therapy had a significantly greater degree of liver stiffness reduction than patients with CHB alone. Therefore, it is necessary to actively intervene the risk factors associated with NAFLD according to the actual situation of different individuals to improve clinical efficacy of antiviral therapy.

The prevalence and associated factors of metabolic syndrome among Tibetan pastoralists in transition from nomadic to settled urban environment / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To study the prevalence and associated factors of metabolic syndrome (MS) among Tibetan pastoralists in transition from high altitude nomadic to settled urbanized environment, especially dietary factors. Methods: The community-based cross-sectional study included 920 Tibetan adults (men 419, women 501). Data were collected using questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and biomarker tests. Questionnaires included socio-economic, lifestyle characteristics and food consumption. Principal component analysis was used to identify dietary patterns. The risk factors of MS and its components were analyzed by logistic regression model. Results: The prevalence rates of MS and its components were 32.8% (MS), 83.7% (decreased HDL-C), 62.1% (central obesity), 36.7% (elevated blood pressure), 11.8% (elevated TG), and 7.9% (elevated blood glucose), respectively. The prevalence of overweight was 31.2%, obesity 30.3%. Multivariate analysis showed smoking was associated factor for both of decreased HDL-C (OR=1.239, 95%CI: 1.025-1.496) and elevated TG (OR=1.277, 95%CI: 1.038-1.571). Alcohol drinking appeared as associated factor of elevated TG (OR=1.426, 95%CI: 1.055-1.927). However, physical activity showed as a protective factor for central obesity, decreased HDL-C, and elevated TG. With the increase of age, the adherence to the urban and western dietary patterns decreased, and that to the pastoral dietary pattern increased. By quintiles of dietary pattern scores, the urban dietary pattern was significantly associated with MS (trend test P=0.016). Conclusions: Tibetan pastoralists had high prevalence of both MS and obesity. Smoking, alcohol drinking, the transition from pastoral dietary pattern to urban dietary pattern and inadequate physical activity served as associated factors for MS and its components.

Molecular epidemiological characteristics of the virus in 96 children with acute diarrhea in Changdu of Tibet, China / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the molecular epidemiological characteristics of the virus in children with acute viral diarrhea in Changdu of Tibet, China.@*METHODS@#Fecal specimens were collected from 96 children with acute diarrhea who visited the People's Hospital of Changdu, Tibet, from November 2018 to November 2020 and were tested for adenovirus, norovirus, astrovirus, sapovirus, and rotavirus. Gene sequencing was performed for the genotypes of these viruses.@*RESULTS@#The overall positive rate of the five viruses was 39% (37/96), among which astrovirus had the highest positive rate of 17%, followed by norovirus (9%), rotavirus (8%), adenovirus (7%), and sapovirus (5%). There was no significant difference in the positive rate of the five viruses among different age groups (P>0.05). Only the positive rate of astrovirus was significantly different among the four seasons (P<0.05). For adenovirus, 6 children had F41 type and 1 had C2 type; for norovirus, 6 had GⅠ.3 type, 1 had GⅠ.7 type, 1 had GⅡ.3 type, and 2 had GⅡ.4 Sydney_2012 type; HAstrV-1 type was observed in all children with astrovirus infection; for sapovirus, 1 child each had sporadic GⅠ.2, GⅠ.6, and GⅡ.1 sapovirus and 2 children had unknown type; 6 children had rotavirus G9[P8].@*CONCLUSIONS@#Astrovirus and norovirus are important pathogens in children with acute diarrhea in Changdu, Tibet. The positive rate of adenovirus, norovirus, astrovirus, sapovirus, and rotavirus is not associated with age, and only the positive rate of astrovirus has obvious seasonality. F41 type is the dominant genotype of adenovirus; GⅠ.3 is the dominant genotype of norovirus; HAstrV-1 is the dominant genotype of astrovirus; sporadic GⅠ.2, GⅠ.6, and GⅡ.1 are the dominant genotypes of sapovirus; G9[P8] is the dominant genotype of rotavirus.

A Tibetan adolescent girl suffered frostbite on the journey of pilgrimage: A case report / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Frostbite in Southwestern China has been overlooked due to its low incidence, relatively mild temperature and lack of literature published before. However, it needs to be further studied for religious diversity and distinct geomorphology. In this article, we reported an 18-year-old Tibetan girl who suffered from blizzard attack during pilgrimage. Her feet and several fingers showed mummified gangrene upon physical examination with poor movement. She was diagnosed with 3rd to 4th degree of frostbite. The girl was given oral ibuprofen, debridement and other regular treatment daily, but she was eventually amputated due to insufficient thrombolytic management in primary hospital, delayed informing consent in the referral hospital and ethnic conflict between religion and guidelines. This case enriched the experience of managing complex frostbite in Tibetan population and alarms that efforts should be integrated to protect pilgrims and mountaineers in the Tibetan region.

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome with Bilateral Cryptorchidism and Seminoma in Tibet:Report of One Case / 中国医学科学院学报

Androgen insensitivity syndrome(AIS)with bilateral testicular malignant transformation is very rare,and its diagnosis should be based on clinical manifestations,physical examination,serological findings,karyotype analysis,and pathological findings.This study reported a case of complete androgen insensitivity syndrome among Tibetan in Tibet.It took 17 years from the discovery of congenital absence of uterus to bilateral pelvic mass resection.Pathological examination confirmed that bilateral pelvic space occupying lesions were dysplastic testicular tissue with seminoma and sertoli cell adenoma-like nodules.This study summarized the clinicopathological features to deepen the understanding of the disease.

Retrospective Analysis of Pathological Diagnosis of Central Nervous System Diseases in Tibet / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To analyze the disease spectrum and clinicopathological characteristics of central nervous system(CNS)diseases diagnosed based on pathological findings in Tibet. Methods We collected the data of all the cases with CNS lesions in Tibet Autonomous Region People's Hospital from January 2013 to December 2020.The clinicopathological features were analyzed via light microscopy,immunohistochemical staining,and special staining. Results A total of 383 CNS cases confirmed by pathological diagnosis were enrolled in this study,with a male-to-female ratio of 188∶195 and an average age of(40.03±17.39)years(0-74 years).Among them,127(33.2%)cases had non-neoplastic diseases,with a male-to-female ratio of 82∶45 and an average age of(31.99±19.29)years;256(66.8%)cases had neoplastic diseases,with a male-to-female ratio of 106∶150 and an average age of(44.01±14.87)years.The main non-neoplastic diseases were nervous system infectious diseases,cerebral vascular diseases,meningocele,cerebral cyst,and brain trauma.Among the infectious diseases,brain abscess,granulomatous inflammation,cysticercosis,and hydatidosis were common.The main neoplastic diseases included meningioma,pituitary adenoma,neuroepithelial tumor,schwannoma,metastatic tumor,and hemangioblastoma.The meningioma cases consisted of 95.4%(103/108)cases of grade Ⅰ,3.7%(4/108)cases of grade Ⅱ,and only 1(1/108,0.9%)case of grade Ⅲ.Among the neuroepithelial tumor cases,the top three were glioblastoma,grade Ⅲ diffuse glioma,and ependymoma. Conclusions There are diverse CNS diseases confirmed by pathological diagnosis in Tibet,among which non-neoplastic diseases account for 1/3 of all the cases.Infectious and vascular diseases are the most common non-neoplastic diseases in Tibet,and tuberculosis and parasitic infections are relatively common.The types and proportion of brain tumors in Tibet are different from those in other regions of China,and meningioma is the most common in Tibet,with higher proportion than neuroepithelial tumor.

Analysis of clinical characteristics of Henoch-Schonlein purpura patients from different altitudes in plateau areas / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinical characteristics of Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) patients from different altitudes in Tibet plateau areas of China.@*METHODS@#A retrospective study was used to analyze the 190 HSP patients admitted to Tibet Autonomous Region People ' s Hospital form April 2014 to May 2021. The subjects were divided into 3 groups according to the altitude of long-term residence before onset and the clinical data at different altitudes were compared and analyzed.@*RESULTS@#There were no significant differences in the age of onset and gender in HSP patients at different altitudes (P>0.05). The HSP patients in high altitude areas were more likely to have digestive symptoms (P < 0.01). The patients were more likely to have kidney or joint involvement at higher altitudes. The platelets [(512.1±55.0)×109 /L] and C reactive protein [11.2 (5.7, 19.4) g/L] in high altitude areas were significantly higher than at medium altitudes [(498.3±76.9)×109 /L and 9.5 (4.6, 13.5) g/L] and lower altitudes [(456.4±81.2)×109/L and 3.7 (0.2, 8.9) g/L] respectively. The effective rate of treatment was 98.9%, while there was no significant difference of outcome from different altitudes (P>0.05). The patients who were repeatedly hospitalized all had kidney involvement and no immunosuppressive agents were added in the initial treatment.@*CONCLUSION@#HSP is common in high altitude areas. There was little difference in age of onset and gender at different altitudes. Abdominal pain was the most common clinical manifestation. Patients in high altitude areas were more likely to have severe abdominal problems. Kidney involvement may be poor prognostic factor. Early application of glucocorticoid combined with immunosuppressive agents can effectively control the disease and reduce the recurrence of HSP.

Analysis of bleeding risk in percutaneous renal biopsy in Tibet / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the postoperative bleeding after percutaneous renal biopsy (PRB) in Tibet, To analyze and summarize the risk factors associated with bleeding in high altitude patients to improve the safety of surgery.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis of 150 cases of PRB in the Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region from May 2016 to May 2018 were carried out, and the correlations between the potential risk factors (gender, age, blood pressure, hemoglobin, platelet, serum creatinine) and postoperative bleeding events were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#During the study period, the 150 patients receiving procedure of PRB were enrolled in our hospital, with an average age of (41.2±15.6) years, of whom 58.7% (88/150) were male, 41.3% (62/150) were female, and major bleeding complications occurred in 12 biopsies (8.0%, 12/150). Six cases for men and women, respectively. The mean age in the bleeding group seemed to be higher than that in the non-bleeding group [(48.3±20.0) years vs. (40.6±15.1) years, P=0.099]. There was no significant difference in the incidence of hypertension, hemoglobinemia, urea nitrogen and prothrombin time between the two groups. The level of serum creatinine in the hemorrhage group seemed to be higher than that in the non-bleeding group (P=0.090), and the time of the hemorrhagic group was longer than that in the non-bleeding group (P=0.069). The platelet count in the bleeding group was significantly lower than that in the non-bleeding group (P < 0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the prolonged activation of partial prothrombin time and lower platelet count had a relatively high risk of bleeding, which was statistically significant (P=0.079, P=0.082).@*CONCLUSION@#PRB is safe and reliable on the whole in plateau areas; Old age, low platelet count, decreased renal function and prolonged activated partial coagulation time are related to postoperative bleeding of PRB, and hyperhemoglobin is not a risk factor for bleeding. High hemoglobin is not a risk factor for postoperative bleeding of PRB at high altitude.

Identification of geographical origins of Cordyceps based on data of amino acids with self-organizing map neural network / 中国中药杂志

In this study, data of amino acids of Cordyceps samples from Qinghai and Tibet was analyzed with self-organizing map neural network. A model of XY-Fused network was established with the content of 8 major amino acids and total amino acids for the identification of geographical origins of Cordyceps from Qinghai and Tibet. It had the prediction accuracy of 83.3% for the test set. In addition, data mining indicated that methionine was a special kind of amino acid in Cordyceps which could serve as a marker to identify its geographical origins. On this basis, the content ratio of methionine to total amino acids was proposed to be a quantifiable indicator to distinguish Cordyceps from Qinghai and Tibet.

Effect of single hyperbaric oxygen treatment on attention networks in young migrants in Tibet / 生理学报

Many studies have shown that high-altitude exposure could significantly influence human cognition, and the approaches which could enhance the human cognition in high-altitude hypoxia environment attract great attention. In the present study, we recruited a total of 60 subjects who had been migrated to Tibet University as adults for more than one year. These participants were randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group. The participants in the experimental group were instructed to complete a hyperbaric oxygen treatment, and those in the control group just completed a wait condition. By using the attention network test (ANT), the changes of the attention function before and after a single session of hyperbaric oxygen treatment were explored. The results showed that single hyperbaric oxygen treatment significantly improved the orienting function of attention, with an obvious post-intervention effect, but not the alerting and conflict function of attention. We also found a strong association between alerting function and conflict function after the end of intervention, suggesting the change of the overall performance of attention function. The present findings might suggest that the improvement of attention function by a single session of hyperbaric oxygen intervention is derived from the increase of general cognitive resources, rather than the transfer of cognitive resources within the attention system.

Fruit variation and geographical distribution of citron / 中国中药杂志

The ripe dried fruit of citron(Citrus medica) is one of the important sources of Chinese herb Citri Fructus. At the same time, it is also grown for edible and ornamental uses. There are many species and abundant genetic variation. To clarify the intraspecific variation and resource distribution of citron, this study investigated the variation in 11 citron fruits, basically covering the main species in China, including Xiaoguo citron(C. medica var. ethrog), Goucheng(C. medica var. yunnanensis), Muli citron(C.medica var. muliensis), Dehong citron(C.medica×Citrus spp.), Fuzhou citron(C.medica×C.grandis?), Mawu(C.medica×C.grandis?), Cangyuan citron, Binchuan citron, Sweet citron, Big citron, and Small citron. The natural communities of citron were proved to be mainly distributed in the southwestern and western Yunnan and southeastern Tibet of China, with Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi, Chongqing, Hubei, and Zhejiang identified as the main production areas. Citron has also been widely grown in India, the Mediterranean region, and the Caribbean coast countries. The field investigation revealed the large-scale intraspecific variation of citron fruits. Most of the fruits are oval-like or sphere-like in shape. The fruits are green when raw and yellow when ripe, with oil cell dots on the skin, stripe-likes running from top to bottom, and bulge at the top. Usually, in the smaller citron fruits, the pulp and juice vesicles are better developed and the central columella is tighter. By contrast, the juice vesicles and central columella in larger fruits became more vacant, with carpels visible, and the apex segregation and development of the carpels is one of the reasons for variation. These variations should be given top priority in the future variety selection and breeding, and the quality differences of different citron species and their mechanisms should be further studied. In particular, variety selection and classification management according to their medicinal or edible purposes will provide scientific and technological supports for the orderly, safe, and effective production of citron products consumed as food and medicine.

HPLC fingerprint of Tibetan medicinal plant ″Bangga″ and chemical components analysis of its two original plants by LC-MS/MS / 中国中药杂志

To obtain the chemical profile of Tibetan medicinal plant ″Bangga″, the present study established the HPLC fingerprint of ″Bangga″ and inferred common chemical constituents of its two original plants, Aconitum tanguticum and A. naviculare by LC-MS. The HPLC analysis was performed on a Kromasil 100 C_8 column(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) with acetonitrile(A)-0.1% formic acid in water(B) as mobile phase in a gradient elution mode. Besides, the flow rate was set at 1 mL·min~(-1) and the column temperature was 35 ℃. The detection wavelength was set at 255 nm and the injection volume was 10 μL. Seventeen batches of ″Bangga″ samples were analyzed and the HPLC fingerprint was established under the above conditions. Similarity evaluation was performed using Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of Traditional Chinese Medicine(2012). As a result, 16 common peaks were selec-ted and the similarity values of 17 batches of ″Bangga″ were in the range of 0.702-0.966. Furthermore, one batch of A. tanguticum and one batch of A. naviculare were analyzed by LC-MS/MS and 74 common compounds were inferred, including 10 phenolic acids, 26 flavonoids, and 38 alkaloids. The established method, with good separation and strong specificity, is simple and feasible, and can be used for the quality control of ″Bangga″ and identification of its two original plants. A. tanguticum and A. naviculare are similar in chemical composition and component content, but are quite different in the content of flavonoids.

Clinicopathological Analysis of Brain Metastatic Carcinoma in Tibet / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To investigate the clinicopathological features and immunohistochemical phenotypes of brain metastatic carcinoma in Tibetan patients. Methods The clinical and pathological data of all patients with brain metastases from 2014 to 2020 in Tibet Autonomous Region People's Hospital were retrospectively analyzed,including 13 cases of brain metastatic carcinoma.All cases were diagnosed and classified by immunohistochemical staining. Results 13 cases(9 males and 4 females)of brain metastatic carcinoma,aged 26-62 years old,present with headache,dizziness,nausea and vomiting clinically.Four patients had a medical history of tumor,and among the 9 patients with no history of tumor,7 present space occupying lesions in both the brain and other organs.Imaging data could be found in 10 cases,including 4 cases of single lesion and 6 cases of multiple lesions.Primary tumors were identified in 11 cases(8 located in the lung,including 4 cases of adenocarcinoma,3 cases of small cell carcinoma,and 1 case of squamous cell carcinoma;1 case of urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis;1 case of thyroid papillary carcinoma;1 case of uterine choriocarcinoma),whereas the primary tumor was unknown for the other 2 cases(1 case of small cell carcinoma and 1 case of adenocarcinoma). Conclusions Brain metastatic carcinoma are more common among middle-aged and elderly people in Tibet.Most of the cases have no history of tumor,with the initial site at the brain metastatic lesions.The most common primary site is the lung,and the primary site of some cases is unknown.Multiple lesions are common in brain metastatic carcinoma,especially in the cerebral hemisphere.For older patients with multiple brain space occupying lesions,the possibility of brain metastatic carcinoma increases.

Clinicopathological Features and Expression of P504s,E-cadherin,Erythroblast Transformation-specific Related Gene and Estrogen Receptor in Prostate Adenocarcinoma in Tibet / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To investigate the clinicopathological features and immunohistochemical expression of P504s,E-cadherin,erythroblast transformation-specific related gene(ERG)and estrogen receptor(ER)in prostate adenocarcinoma in Tibet.Methods The clinical data of 15 patients with prostate adenocarcinoma diagnosed by the Department of Pathology of Tibet Autonomous Region People's Hospital from September 2013 to September 2020 were analyzed retrospectively.All patients were assigned to prognostic grade groups based on Gleason score according to the WHO 2016 criteria.Immunostaining of P504s,E-cadherin,ERG,and ER was performed.Results The age of all 15 patients ranged from 61 to 86 years.The serum prostate specific antigen(PSA)concentration was ≥20 ng/ml in 12 patients and<20 ng/ml in 3 patients.Among the 15 patients,11 underwent needle biopsy,1 transurethral resection of the prostate,and 3 radical prostatectomy.Prognostic grouping results revealed 5 cases in grade groups 1-3,4 cases in grade group 4,and 6 cases in grade group 5.Immunohistochemistrically,15 cases(100%)were positive for P504s,E-cadherin and PSA;one case(7%)was positive for ERG;all cases were negative for P63,ER and CK34βE12.Thirteen cases were followed up for 2-48 months,with 2 cases treated with total prostatectomy and 11 cases with non-surgical treatment.Two cases were lost to follow-up. Conclusions Prostate adenocarcinoma is rare relatively in Tibet.The accuracy of diagnosis can be improved by using multiple immunohistochemical markers.The cases of grades 4 and 5 by pathological confirmed are relatively common in Tibet.P504s and E-cadherin are highly expressed in prostate adenocarcinoma patients in Tibet,while ERG presents low expression,ER is unexpressed.

Microcirculation characteristics and humoral factors of healthy people from different populations at high altitude (4 100 m) / 生理学报

The present study was aimed to observe the characteristics of sublingual microcirculation and the changes of humoral factors in healthy people of three different high altitude populations. Three groups of healthy subjects in Guoluo area of Qinghai province (4 100 m) were included: Tibetan group: 30 Tibetans, (45.62 ± 10.15) years old; Han group: 22 two-generation of Han immigrants, (46.23 ± 8.59) years old; migrant group: 23 migrants living at high altitude for 2-5 years, (43.45 ± 8.31) years old. Blood routine test was performed to determine white blood cell (WBC) count, red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), platelet (PLT) count, and neutrophil (NEUT) count. The changes of serum humoral factors including endothelin-1 (ET-1), CD31, CD34, CD105, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nitric oxide (NO) and noradrenaline (NE) were detected by ELISA. Continuous noninvasive hemodynamics monitor was used to continuously measure the changes of systemic circulation indexes: cardiac output (CO), cardiac index (CI), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), pulse pressure variation (PPV), systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI), and mean arterial pressure (MAP). Blood oxygen was measured by pulse oximeter. Sublingual microcirculation indexes including total vascular density (TVD), perfused vessel density (PVD), proportion of perfused vessels (PPV), and microvascular flow index (MFI) were determined by sidestream dark field imaging. The results showed that there were no difference in systemic circulation among the 3 groups. Compared with Tibetan group, TVD and PVD of microcirculation in Han group and migrant group were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Compared with Tibetan group and Han group, WBC, RBC, HGB and HCT of migrant group were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Compared with Han group and Migrant group, PLT of Tibetan group was significantly increased (P < 0.05). Compared with the Tibetan group, the levels of serum humoral factors CD105 and VEGF were significantly higher in the migrant group (P < 0.05), while compared with Han and migration groups, NO in Tibetan group was significantly increased (P < 0.05). It is suggested that there were significant differences in microcirculation (TVD, PVD), blood routine (WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT) and humoral factors (CD105, VEGF) among different populations in high altitude area. Importantly, the increased microcirculation, erythrocytosis and increased pro-angiogenic factors due to hypoxic environment were observed in long-term residents and migrants, except for permanent residents. These physiological changes have clinical significance in the treatment of septic shock and chronic altitude sickness for different plateau populations.

Textual research on traditional application of Moringa / 中国中药杂志

Moringa has a long history of edible and medicinal use in foreign countries, this paper collected and sorted out the traditional application of Moringa recorded in the ancient medical books and historical materials of countries and regions along the ancient Silk Road. According to preliminary research, the earliest record of Moringa in China can be traced back to The Bower Manuscript(volume Ⅱ)(about the 4 th-6 th century A.D.) unearthed in Kuqa, Xinjiang. Around the 8 th century, with the communication between countries along the ancient Silk Road becoming prosperous, more and more medical books containing Moringa and its prescriptions were introduced to Tibet, Xinjiang and other places in today's China. The leaves, root bark, seeds and stem bark of Moringa all can be used for medicinal purposes and are recorded in The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India(API). Among them, Moringa leaves have been approved as a new resource food in China. According to the API, it is of cold property and sweet taste, its post-digestive effect is sweet and has the functions of removing wind, bile and fat, relieving pain, killing abdominal worms, moistening skin, brightening eyes and clearing brain. It can be used to treat edema, parasitic diseases, spleen diseases, abscess, tumor, pharyngeal swelling and other diseases. This study explored and organized the historical evidence of communication through the Silk Road and traditional application records of Moringa, in order to provide the evidence of traditional medicine basis, medicine property and efficacy application reference for the realization of the introduction of Moringa as a new resource of traditional Chinese medicine.